Berlin: Food sharing promotes social bonding in chimpanzees, leading them to form cooperative relationships, a new study has found.
Chimps who share their food with others have higher levels of the hormone oxytocin in their urine, scientists said.
Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, measured the urinary oxytocin levels in wild chimpanzees after food sharing and found them to be elevated in both donor and receiver compared to social feeding events without sharing.
Moreover, oxytocin levels were higher after food sharing than after grooming, another cooperative behaviour, suggesting that food sharing might play a more important role in promoting social bonding.
By using the same neurobiological mechanisms, which evolved within the context of building and strengthening the mother-offspring bond during lactation, food sharing might even act as a trigger for cooperative relationships in related and unrelated adult chimpanzees.
Humans and a few other social mammals form cooperative relationships between unrelated adults that can last for several months or years.
According to recent studies the hormone oxytocin, which facilitates bonding between mother and offspring, likely plays a role in promoting these relationships.
In chimpanzees, for instance, increased urinary oxytocin levels are linked to grooming between bonding partners, whether or not they are genetically related to each other.
To examine the ways in which oxytocin is associated with food sharing, Roman Wittig and colleagues of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology collected and analysed 79 urine samples from 26 wild chimpanzees from Budongo Forest in Uganda within one hour after the chimpanzees either shared food or socially fed without sharing.
They found that a chimpanzee`s urine contained higher levels of oxytocin after sharing food with another group member than just after feeding socially regardless whether the animal was the donor or the receiver of the food.
"Increased urinary oxytocin levels were independent of whether subjects gave or received food, shared with kin or non-kin, shared with an established bond partner or not, or shared meat or other food types," said Wittig.
The researchers found that the oxytocin levels associated with food sharing were higher than those associated with grooming, indicating that the rarer food sharing has a stronger bonding effect than the more frequently occurring grooming.
"Food sharing may be a key behaviour for social bonding in chimpanzees. As it benefits receivers and donors equally, it might even act as a trigger and predictor of cooperative relationships," said Wittig.
The researchers suggest that food sharing likely activates neurobiological mechanisms that originally evolved to support mother-infant bonding during lactation.
