London: Astronomers have discovered a never-before-seen cluster of hydrogen clouds strewn between two nearby galaxies, Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33).
The researchers speculate that these rarefied blobs of gas-each about as massive as a dwarf galaxy-condensed out of a vast and as-yet undetected reservoir of hot, ionized gas, which could have accompanied an otherwise invisible band of dark matter.
The astronomers detected these objects using the National Science Foundation`s Green Bank Telescope (GBT) at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, W.Va.
"We have known for some time that many seemingly empty stretches of the Universe contain vast but diffuse patches of hot, ionized hydrogen," said Spencer Wolfe of West Virginia University in Morgantown.
"Earlier observations of the area between M31 and M33 suggested the presence of colder, neutral hydrogen, but we couldn`t see any details to determine if it had a definitive structure or represented a new type of cosmic feature. Now, with high-resolution images from the GBT, we were able to detect discrete concentrations of neutral hydrogen emerging out of what was thought to be a mainly featureless field of gas," he stated.
Astronomers are able to observe neutral atomic hydrogen, which is referred to as HI (H and the Roman numeral one), because of the characteristic signal it emits at radio wavelengths, which can be detected by radio telescopes on Earth. Though this material is abundant throughout the cosmos, in the space between galaxies it can be very tenuous and the faint signal it emits can be extremely difficult to detect.
The GBT was also able to track the motion of these newly discovered clouds, showing that they were traveling through space at velocities similar to M31 and M33.
"These observations suggest that they are independent entities and not the far-flung suburbs of either galaxy," said Felix J. Lockman, an astronomer at the NRAO in Green Bank.
"Their clustered orientation is equally compelling and may be the result of a filament of dark matter. The speculation is that a dark-matter filament, if it exists, could provide the gravitational scaffolding upon which clouds could condense from a surrounding field of hot gas," Lockman noted.
The researchers also speculate that these clouds may represent a new and previously unrecognized source of neutral hydrogen gas that could eventually fall into M31 and M33, fueling future generations of star formation.
The GBT, because of its enormous size, unique design, and location in the National Radio Quiet Zone of West Virginia, was able to detect this signal, which was simply too faint for other radio telescopes to detect with precision.
Astronomers are also interested in these cold, dark regions between galaxies because there is a great deal of unaccounted-for normal matter in the cosmos, and a significant fraction may be contained in intergalactic clouds like the ones observed by the GBT.
Further studies in this region and around other galaxies in our Local Group (the galaxies found relatively close to the Milky Way) may yield additional clues as to the amount of hydrogen yet to be accounted for in the Universe.
The results were published in the journal Nature.
ANI
