Detection of Alzheimer's disease is now easy with this biomarker

Alzheimer's disease, a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, can now be detected in its early stage by using this biomarker.

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According to a report, a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was previously only possible after death, but recent biomarker research has led to the development of imaging and spinal fluid tests for those who are still alive.  However, the tests can only monitor severe disease and distinguish advanced Alzheimer's from related disorders. Researchers have identified a biomarker that could help physicians diagnose Alzheimer's disease earlier. The report was published in ACS Chemical Neuroscience (MCI).

When hunting for AD biomarkers, some researchers have turned to the study of subtle changes in a protein called tau. These changes, or posttranslational modifications, can make the tau protein more likely to clump, which leads to neuron loss and impaired memory. Two such modifications involve the phosphorylation of tau at specific amino acids, resulting in versions called p-tau181 and p-tau217. 

These biomarkers have been shown to effectively differentiate AD tissues from those of people with other neurodegenerative diseases. Because it's helpful to have many biomarkers in the physicians' toolbox, Bin Xu, Jerry Wang, Ling Wu and colleagues sought additional p-tau biomarkers that could be effective AD diagnostics, or that could perhaps catch AD at its early stages.

Using post-mortem brain tissue from AD patients and non-AD subjects, the researchers identified several p-tau biomarkers selectively associated with tau aggregation. Like p-tau181 and p-tau217, several of these biomarkers differentiated AD tissues from healthy controls. One in particular, p-tau198 also discriminated AD from two other neurodegenerative diseases in which tau is known to clump.

Further experiments showed that p-tau198 was as effective as p-tau181 and p-tau217 in these assays. Importantly, both p-tau 198 and p-tau217 also could differentiate the brain tissue of patients with MCI, an early sign of AD, from older subjects without the impairment. According to the researchers, no well-established biomarkers that can diagnose MCI currently exist. Thus, p-tau198 and p-tau217 could help clinicians intervene early, as new treatments become available before significant neurological damage occurs. 

In addition, the researchers say this method could be used to find tau biomarkers with other modifications aside from phosphorylation.

The authors acknowledge funding from the Biomarkers Across Neurodegenerative Diseases Program of the Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Research UK, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, the Weston Brain Institute; Duke Clinical & Translational Science Institute; the National Institutes of Health; the Commonwealth of Virginia`s Alzheimer`s and Related Diseases Research Award Fund; Diabetes Action Research and Education Foundation; and the Duke/UNC Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.