World`s oldest wet mummy Otzi suffered from periodontitis

The 3D computer tomography reconstructions give an insight into the oral cavity of the Iceman and shows how severely he was suffering from advanced periodontitis.

Washington: The Neolithic mummy Otzi had large number of oral diseases and dentition problems that are still widespread today, a new study has revealed. The Iceman, which is the oldest wet mummy in the world, suffered from heavy dental abrasions, had several carious lesions - some severe - and had mechanical trauma to one of his front teeth, which was probably due to an accident, explained Prof. Frank Ruhli, head of the study. Since its discovery in 1991, numerous scientific examinations have taken place. In 2007, for example, also with the involvement of Ruhli, Otzi`s cause of death was determined as probably stemming from internal bleeding. Although research has been underway on this important mummy for over 20 years now, the teeth had scarcely been examined. Dentist Roger Seiler from the Centre for Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich has now examined Otzi`s teeth based on the latest computer tomography data and found that: the loss of the periodontium has always been a very common disease, as the discovery of Stone Age skulls and the examination of Egyptian mummies has shown. Otzi allows us an especially good insight into such an early stage of this disease, explained Seiler, who specializes in examining dental pathologies in earlier eras. The three-dimensional computer tomography reconstructions give an insight into the oral cavity of the Iceman and show how severely he was suffering from advanced periodontitis. Particularly in the area of the rear molars, Seiler found loss of the periodontal supporting tissue that almost extended to the tip of the root. While Otzi is scarcely likely to have cleaned his teeth, his abrasive diet contributed significantly to a process of self-cleaning. Nowadays periodontitis is connected to cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, the Iceman also displays vascular calcification, for which - like in the case of the periodontitis - mainly his genetic make-up was responsible. The fact that the Iceman suffered from tooth decay is attributable to his eating more and more starchy foods such as bread and cereal porridge which were consumed more commonly in the Neolithic period because of the rise of agriculture, the researchers suggested. In addition, the food was very abrasive because of contaminants and the rub-off from the quern, as is demonstrated by the Iceman`s abraded teeth. His accident-related dental damage and his other injuries testify to his troubled life at that time. One front tooth has suffered mechanical trauma - the discoloration is still clearly visible - and one molar has lost a cusp, probably from chewing on something, perhaps a small stone in the cereal porridge. The current project took place in cooperation with Andrew Spielmann (New York University College of Dentistry) and Albert Zink (EURAC, Bolzano). It was carried out at the Centre for Evolutionary Medicine in the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Zurich and received the financial support of the Maxi Foundation in Zurich. ANI