Washington: Scientists from the Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM) have identified the compound that gives ripe strawberries their characteristic caramel-like aroma.
According to the scientists, the smell of a fresh strawberry is the result of around a dozen different aroma compounds and one of these plays a particularly important role: HDMF (4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone), which is also known under the brand name Furaneol.
"A ripe strawberry has a particularly high concentration of this compound - up to 50 milligrams per kilo - which lies a far above the odor threshold. This compound gives the ripe fruit its characteristic caramel-like aroma," Prof. Wilfried Schwab, head of Biotechnology of Natural Products at TUM, who has spent many years researching the biological structure of this substance, explained.
HDMF is also found in pineapples and tomatoes. In plants, the aroma develops in a multi-step pathway from the from the fruit sugar fructose.
"We were particularly interested in the biocatalytic process that leads up to the final compound," said Prof. Arne Skerra from the TUM Chair of Biological Chemistry.
In this process, a molecule precursor binds to the FaEO enzyme (Fragaria x ananassa enone oxidoreductase), which converts it into the final product, namely HDMF.
The TUM scientists were able to map this reaction path in detail. To understand how enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of these new metabolic products, the research team took advantage of X-ray structural analysis. This allowed them to view the 3D structure of the molecules.
"For the strawberry aroma, we investigated altogether six different enzyme-molecule combinations - and ended up understanding how FaEO produces the HDMF flavor compound," explained Dr. Andre Schiefner from the Chair of Biological Chemistry.
In the course of their research, the scientists discovered that the catalytic reaction involved a hitherto unknown mechanism. The compound is reduced and electrons are specifically transferred to a particular part of the molecule.
Thus, the FaEO enzyme represents the first member of new class of biocatalysts - a discovery that could lead to useful applications in industrial biotechnology.
The latest research results provide valuable insight into the development of taste in widespread cultivated plants, as Skerra explained: "Unlike coffee or vanilla, the biochemical processes that produce the strawberry aroma are very complex. But now our TUM research team has shed light on an important step in its biosynthesis."
Thus, biosynthetic processes might be used soon to prepare the true flavor of strawberry from fructose, for example to make drinks or food such as yoghurt taste even more like the real thing.
ANI
